Termodinamika

An termodinamika (Ingles: thermodynamics) iyo an sanga kan pisika na manungod sa init, gibo, asin temperatura, sagkod an saindang relasyon sa enerhiya, radiasyon, asin pisikal na karakter kan materya.

An kaugalian kan mga kantidad na ini iyo pinamamayuhan kan apat na ley nin termodinamika na iyo minatao nin kwantitatibong deskripsyon gamit an nasusukol na mga makroskopikong pisikal na kantidad, pero pwedeng maipaliwanag sa termino nin mikroskopikong konstituente sa paagi nin estadistikong mekanika.

Uusipon

Sa uusipon, an termodinamika iyo nahaman gikan sa kagustohan na mapalangkaw an katibayan kan mga enot na makinang tubig-sangaw, partikular sa kagibohan kan Pranses na pisiko na si Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1824) na iyo nagtutubod na an katibatayan kan makina an susi na makakatabang sa Pransya para manggana sa Gerang Napolyoniko.^[1] An Scots-Irish na pisiko na si Lord Kelvin an enot na nakahimo nin konsisong depinisyon kan termodinamika kan 1854^[2] na iyo (sa Ingles), "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency."

Aplikasyon

An termodinamiko iyo nagagamit sa mahiwas na baryente nin urulayan sa siyensya asin inhenyeriya, urog na an pisikal na kimika, biyokimika, inhinyeriyang pangkimika, asin inihinyeriyang pangmekanika, pero iyo man ibang komplikadong lado arug kan meteyorolohiya.

An enot na aplikasyon kan termodinamika sa mga mekanikal na mainit na makina iyo an marikas na paglakop kan pag-aadal nin mga kompuwestong kimikal asin reaksyong kimikal. An termodinamikong kimikal iyo nag-aadal sa pagganap kan entropiya sa mga proseso nin reaksyong kimikal asin nagtao nin bulkong ekspansyon sagkod kaaraman sa ladong ini.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] An iba pang mga pormulasyon kan termodinamika iyo naglatawan. An estadistikong termodinamika, o estadikstikong mekanika, iyo manungod sa mga estadistikong prediksyon sa kolektibong paghiro kan mga partikulo hale sa saindang kaugaliang mikroskopiko. Kan 1909, si Constantin Carathéodory nagpresentar nin purong matematikong pagrani sa sarong aksyomatikong pormulasyon, na iyo sarong deskripsyon na harus inaapod na heyometrikong termodinamika.

Hilingon man

Mga panluwas na takod

Igwang relatibong medya para sa Thermodynamics duman sa Wikimedia Commons
Callendar, Hugh Longbourne (1911). "Thermodynamics" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 808–814.
Thermodynamics Data & Property Calculation Websites Archived 2014-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Thermodynamics Educational Websites Archived 2015-06-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Biochemistry Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Engineering Thermodynamics – A Graphical Approach
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics by Richard Fitzpatrick

Toltolan

↑ Clausius, Rudolf (1850). On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, LXXIX (Dover Reprint). ISBN 978-0-486-59065-3.
↑ William Thomson, LL.D. D.C.L., F.R.S. (1882). Mathematical and Physical Papers. 1. London, Cambridge: C.J. Clay, M.A. & Son, Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
↑ Gibbs, Willard, J. (1874–1878). Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. III. New Haven. pp. 108–248, 343–524.
↑ Duhem, P.M.M. (1886). Le Potential Thermodynamique et ses Applications, Hermann, Paris.
↑ Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle (1923). Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
↑ Guggenheim, E.A. (1933). Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of J.W. Gibbs, Methuen, London.
↑ Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967). Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, 1st edition 1949, 5th edition 1967, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
↑ Ilya Prigogine, I. & Defay, R., translated by D.H. Everett (1954). Chemical Thermodynamics. Longmans, Green & Co., London. Includes classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
↑ Enrico Fermi (1956). Thermodynamics. Courier Dover Publications. p. ix. ISBN 978-0486603612. OCLC 230763036.
↑ Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856552-9. OCLC 123283342.
↑ Clark, John, O.E. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-4616-5. OCLC 58732844.

Pinopoonan an artikulong ini sa Siyensya. Makakatabang ka sa Bikol Wikipedia sa pagparambong kaining pahina.

[1] Clausius, Rudolf (1850). On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, LXXIX (Dover Reprint). ISBN 978-0-486-59065-3.

[kelvin1854-2] William Thomson, LL.D. D.C.L., F.R.S. (1882). Mathematical and Physical Papers. 1. London, Cambridge: C.J. Clay, M.A. & Son, Cambridge University Press. p. 232.

[Gibbs_1876-3] Gibbs, Willard, J. (1874–1878). Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. III. New Haven. pp. 108–248, 343–524.

[Duhem_1886-4] Duhem, P.M.M. (1886). Le Potential Thermodynamique et ses Applications, Hermann, Paris.

[Lewis_Randall_1923-5] Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle (1923). Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.

[Guggenheim_1933-6] Guggenheim, E.A. (1933). Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of J.W. Gibbs, Methuen, London.

[Guggenheim_1949/1967-7] Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967). Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, 1st edition 1949, 5th edition 1967, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

[8] Ilya Prigogine, I. & Defay, R., translated by D.H. Everett (1954). Chemical Thermodynamics. Longmans, Green & Co., London. Includes classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

[Fermi-9] Enrico Fermi (1956). Thermodynamics. Courier Dover Publications. p. ix. ISBN 978-0486603612. OCLC 230763036.

[Perrot-10] Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856552-9. OCLC 123283342.

[11] Clark, John, O.E. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-4616-5. OCLC 58732844.

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