Grace White Sherwood

Si Grace White Sherwood (1660–1740), na pig-aapod na Mangkukulam kan Pungo, iyo an huring tawong bisto na nasentensyahan nin pangkukulam sa Virginia (sarong babaeng nagngangarang Maria an pinatotoohang naggamit nin pangkukulam tanganing makahanap nin mga nawawarang mga aytem asin kayamanan asin pigrapado nin tolumpulo may siyam na beses kadtong 1730, na siyang aktwal na huring pagsubok sa pangkukulam sa record sa Virginia ).

Grace White Sherwood
Kamundagan	1660 malamang sa Pungo, Princess Anne County, Kolonya kan Virginia
Kagadanan	1740 (aged 79–80) Pungo malamang
Mga bantayog	Estatwa ni Grace Sherwood na madudugangan sa 36.866139°N 76.131811°W / 36.866139; -76.131811
Iba pang mga ngaran	An parakulam kan Pungo
Trabaho	Parauma Parabulong Komadrona
Criminal charge	Pangkukulam
Criminal status	Pansamantalang tinawan nin impormal na kapatawadan

Sarong parauma, parabulong, asin komadrona, inakusahan siya kan saiyang mga kataraid-harong na nagbago an sadiri sa sarong ikos, nakakarwot kan mga pananom, asin naging kawsa kan pagkagadan kan mga hayop. Sinuhan siya nin pangkukulam ning kadakol na beses; sa saiyang paglilitis kadtong 1706, pigsentensyahan si Sherwood na nakakahiya sa saiyang kataraid-harong, si Elizabeth Hill, na nagresulta kay Hill sa miscarry. Ipinagsugo kan korte na an pagkakasala o kawarang-sala ni Sherwood, maaaraman sa paagi kan pagpapakagat sa saiya sa tubig. Kung nalubog siya, mayo siyang kasalan; kung dai, nagkasala siya. Nakalutang sa ibabaw si Sherwood asin naggugol nin haros walong taon sa kulungan bago pinakawalan.

Nakaistar si Sherwood sa Pungo, Princess Anne County (Lower Norfolk County bago an 1691, sa ngunyan parte na ini kan Virginia Beach), asin ikinasal ki James Sherwood, sarong paraplanta, kadtong 1680. An mag-agom, igwang tolong aki na lalaki: sina John, James, asin Richard. An saiyang enot na kaso kadtong 1697; pig-akusahan siya nin paggagapo kan sarong spell sa sarong toro, na nagreresulta sa pagkagadan kaini, alagad pigtanggal an bagay sa paagi kan tretado kan parehas na partido. Kadtong sumunod na taon pig-akusahan siya nin pangkukulam kan duwang kagtaraid-harong; diumano’y pinapahiya niya an mga hogs asin cotton crop kan saro sa sainda. Naghain si Sherwood nin pararaot na puri pagkatapos kan bawat akusasyon, alagad dai naging matagumpay an saiyang mga parusa asin an saiyang agom nangangaipuhan nin magbayad kan mga gastos sa korte. Kan 1706 pigsentensyahan siya nin pangkukulam asin na-incarcerated. Napalaya gikan sa kulungan kadtong 1714, nakua niya an saiyang pagrurugaring hali sa Princess Anne County (nagadan an saiyang agom kadtong 1701). Dai na siya nag-agom pa utro, dangan nangerokan sa saiyang bukid sagkod na sa saiyang pagkagadan kadtong 1740 sa edad na mga 80.

Kadtong Hulyo 10, 2006, an ika-300 na anibersaryo kan pagtubod ni Sherwood, nagtao si Gobernador Tim Kaine nin sarong impormal na kapatawadan tanganing "opisyal na ibalik an [saiyang] marhay na pangaran", binibisto na siya napasalang nasentensyahan. Sarong estatwa an ipigtindog na naglaladawan sa saiya harani sa Katalingkasan kan Sentara sa Independence Boulevard sa Virginia Beach, harani sa lugar kan kolonyal na korte kung saan siya sinubukan. Kinulit siya sa gilid kan sarong raccoon, na minakapot sa saiyang pagkamoot sa mga hayop, asin nagdadara nin sarong basket na naglalaog nin bawang asin rosemary, bilang pagbisto sa saiyang kaaraman sa pambubulong na herbal.

Mga sanggunian

Bibliograpiya

• Adams, Kathy (June 1, 2009). "What's in a name? Virginia Beach's Witchduck Road". The Virginian-Pilot. http://hamptonroads.com/2009/05/whats-name-virginia-beachs-witchduck-road. Retrieved on August 5, 2013. 
• Barisic, Sonja (July 10, 2006). "Va. Gov. Gives Informal Pardon to Witch". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/10/AR2006071000495.html. Retrieved on August 5, 2013. 
• Batts, Denise Watson (March 24, 2007). "Statue of exonerated 'Witch of Pungo' finds place to rest". The Virginian-Pilot. http://hamptonroads.com/node/241271. Retrieved on August 5, 2013. 
• Batts, Denise Watson (July 10, 2006). "Witch of Pungo pardoned by governor after 300 years". The Virginian-Pilot. http://hamptonroads.com/node/124641. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. 
• Burr, George Lincoln (1914). Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases 1648–1706. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. 
• Burstein, Sona Rose (September 1961). "Some Modern Books on Witchcraft". Folklore (London: Folklore Society) 72 (3): 520. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1961.9717297. 
• Butler, Jon (April 1979). "Magic, Astrology, and the Early American Religious Heritage, 1600-1760". The American Historical Review (Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association) 84 (2): 317–46. doi:10.2307/1855136. PMID 11610526. 
• Campbell, Beverly (December 30, 1934). "When Virginia Ducked Milady Witch". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029231535/http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Witch-Grace-Sherwood.html. Retrieved on August 5, 2013. 
• Cleavelin, Mary Beth (2014). "Witch of Pungo's church dedicates marker to her". hamptonroads.com. http://hamptonroads.com/2014/07/witch-pungos-church-dedicates-marker-her. Retrieved on October 22, 2014. 
• Cushing, Jonathan Peter (1833). "Record of the Trial of Grace Sherwood in 1705 Princess Anne County for Witchcraft". Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society. 95. Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society.  Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• Chewning, Alpheus J. (2006). Haunted Virginia Beach. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-188-1. 
• Davis, Richard Beale (April 1979). "The Devil in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical Society) 65 (2): 131–47. 
• Department of Public Libraries (2006). "4. Witches and Witchcraft". The Beach: A History of Virginia Beach, Virginia (3rd ed.). Virginia Beach, VA: City of Virginia Beach. ISBN 978-0-9779570-0-2. 
• Dunphy, Janet (August 13, 1994). "Rural Charm Meets City Splendor". The Virginian-Pilot (Landmark Communications). 
• Gibson, Marion (2007). Witchcraft Myths in American Culture. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97977-1. 
• Hill, Christopher (1972). The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-14-013732-7. 
• Hume, Ivor Noël (2005). Something from the Cellar. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87935-229-5. 
• James, Edward W. (October 1894). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary) 3 (2).  Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• James, Edward W. (January 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary) 3 (3).  Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• James, Edward W. (April 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary) 3 (4).  Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• James, Edward W. (July 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". William and Mary Quarterly (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary) 4 (1).  Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
• Nash, Belinda; Sheets, Danielle (2012). A Place in Time: The Age of the Witch of Pungo. Virginia Beach, VA: W. S. Dawson Company. ISBN 1-57000-107-3. 
• Murphy, Sharon Ann (February 27, 2017). "Early American Colonists Had a Cash Problem. Here's How They Solved It". Time. Retrieved July 11, 2017. 
• Newman, Lindsey M. (April 3, 2009). Under an Ill Tongue: Witchcraft and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia (PDF) (MA (History) thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• Ruegsegger, Bob (October 30, 1999). "Virginia's 'Witch of Pungo': Accused Remembered as Colony's Joan of Arc". The Free Lance–Star. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19991030&id=uS4zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gggGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3940,8271057. Retrieved on August 20, 2013. 
• Seltzer, Richard. "Grace Sherwood, the witch of Virginia". Samizdat. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2013.  Note: this is a transcript in modern English, with shorthand expanded, of the Burr book.
• Shapira, Ian (July 12, 2006). "After Toil and Trouble, 'Witch' Is Cleared". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/11/AR2006071101218.html. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. 
• Witkowski, Monica C. (August 15, 2012). "Grace Sherwood (ca. 1660–1740)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• Yarsinske, Amy Waters (2002). Virginia Beach: A History of Virginia's Golden Shore. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2402-3. 
• "The Good Luck Horseshoe". William and Mary Quarterly (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary) 17 (4). 1909. 
• "Grace Sherwood – The One Virginia Witch". Harper's New Monthly Magazine (New York: Harper & Brothers) 69. June–November 1884. https://books.google.com/?id=BPEvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=grace+sherwood+light#v=onepage&q=grace%20sherwood%20light&f=false. 
• "Grace Sherwood & The Witch of Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• "Grace Sherwood – the Witch of Pungo (1660–1740)". Old Donation Episcopal Church. 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013. 
• "The Haunting of Witchduck Road". Virginiabeach.com. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• "Interstate 264 Virginia". Interstate Guide. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• "Pardoning the Witches". Wethersfield Historical Society. June 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013. 
• "Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• "Va. Woman Seeks to Clear Witch of Pungo". USA Today. Associated Press. July 9, 2006. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-07-09-witch-pungo_x.htm. Retrieved on August 5, 2013. 
• "Virginia Beach History Guide". Vabeach.com. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• "The Witch of Pungo: 300 Years After Her Conviction, Governor Restores Grace Sherwood's Good Name". Virginia Historical Society. 2006. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2013. 
• "Witchcraft in Virginia". William and Mary Quarterly (Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary) 1 (3). January 1893. 

Mababasa pa lalo

• Bond, Edward (2000). Damned Souls in a Tobacco Colony: Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-708-4. 
• Gilbert, Lillie; Nash, Belinda; Norred-Williams, Deni (2004). Ghosts, Witches & Weird Tales Of Virginia Beach. Virginia Beach, VA: Eco Images. ISBN 0-938423-12-6. 
• Hardy, Michael; Geroux, Bill (July 11, 2006). "Ding dong, the stigma's gone". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 
• Kyle, Louisa Venable (November 1973). The Witch of Pungo, and Other Historical Stories of the Early Colonies. Virginia Beach, VA: Four O'Clock Farms. ISBN 978-0-927044-00-4. 
• Levermore, C. H.; Burr, George L.; Jameson, J. Franklin (October 1914). "Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706 by George L. Burr". American Historical Review (Bloomington, IN: American Historical Association) 20 (1): 164–166. doi:10.2307/1836141. 
• Norton, Mary Beth; Ray, Benjamin (September 2003). "Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project by Benjamin Ray". The Journal of American History (Bloomington, IN: Organization of American Historians) 90 (2): 747–748. doi:10.2307/3659596.  Note: Discusses Burr's work
• Weisman, Richard (1985). Witchcraft, Magic and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-494-3. 
• Writer's Program of the Works Projects Administration of the State of Virginia (1941). Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-60354-045-2. 
• "Grace Sherwood". Ferry Plantation. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2013. 
• "Notes and Queries". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (Richmond, VA: Virginia Historical Society) 34 (3): 278–279. July 1926. 

Mga panlabas na kawing

• Igwang relatibong medya para sa Grace Sherwood duman sa Wikimedia Commons