Chinua Achebe
Si Chinua Achebe (/ˈtʃɪnwɑː əˈtʃɛbeɪ/ namondag Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe; 16 Nobyembre 1930 – 21 Marso 2013) sarong Nigeryanong nobelista, pararawit, asin kritiko na hinihiling siya bilang pigurang sentral sa modernong literaturang Aprikano. An enot niyang nobela na magnum opus, Things Fall Apart (1958), nakakaag sa lugar na sentral na gayo sa Aprikanong literatura asin iyo an mahiwas na obrang inaadalan, ipinapalis, asin binabasang nobelang Aprikano. Kaiba kan Things Fall Apart, an No Longer at Ease (1960) asin Arrow of God (1964) sinasangkap kan inapod na "Aprikanong Trilohiya"; dangan nagsurunod pa an mga nobelang A Man of the People (1966) asin Anthills of the Savannah (1987). Si Achebe parati binabansagan na "Ama nin Aprikanong literatura", dawa ngani dai niya inaako an siring na bansag.[1]
Chinua Achebe | |
---|---|
Achebe sa Lagos, 1966 | |
Minundagan | Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe 16 Nobyembre 1930 Ogidi, Kolonyal na Nigeria |
Kagadanan | 21 Marso 2013 Boston, Massachusetts, US | (edad 82)
Nilubongan | Ogidi, Nigeria |
Hirong pagsurat | |
Mga akì | 4, kaiba si Chidi asin Nwando Achebe |
Namundag sa Ogidi, Kolonyal Nigeria, an pagkaaki ni Achebe impluwensiyadong gayo kan Igbong kulturang tradisyonal asin kan postkolonyal na Kristyanidad. Siya nagpahiling nin husay komo estudyante asin nagklase sa ngonyan inapod nang University of Ibadan, kun saen siya makuring kritikal asin tinutuyaw na gayo kun pano linaladawan kan literaturang Solnopan an Aprika. Paghubo' sa Lagos pakagradwar, siya nagtrabaho sa Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) asin naghakot nin pagreparo internasyonal kan saiyang 1958 na nobelang Things Fall Apart. Sa laog nin 10 taon, siya nakapalagda pa nin apat na nobela paagi ki taga-publikar na si Heinemann, kun saen saiyang pinu'nan an Heinemann African Writers Series na nagpukaw asin nagbusol sa mga karera kan mga parasurat na Aprikano, siring ki Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o asin Flora Nwapa.[2]
Si Achebe pighingowa na makalungkas sa perspektibong kolonyal na iyo an nagtataong sukol sa literaturang Aprikano kaidtong panahon na idto, asin imbes siya nagguguno sa tradisyon, kinaugalean kan banwang Igbo, mga impluwensyang Kristyano, asin sa siplingan kan kaugdan na Solnopan asin Aprikano ngani makamukna' nin tunay na boses Aprikano. Siya nagsurat asin sinurog an pag'usar nin Ingles, ta ini an makakaabot sa mas mahiwas na mga parabasa, orog na sa mga parabasa sa mga nasyon na kolonyal. Kan 1975 siya nagtao nin lekturang kontrobersyal, "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", na nagin tandaan sa diskursong postkolonyal. Napublikar sa The Massachusetts Review, ini nagtampok kan kritisismo ki Albert Schweitzer asin Joseph Conrad, na sabi ni Achebe makuri asin "labis na rasista." Kan an rona' nin Biafra naglitik sa Nigeria kan 1967, si Achebe nag'anduyog sa independensya nin Biafra asin nagpapel bilang embahador para sa mga kagtulod kan hiron na idto. An mga suminunod na Gera Sibil nin Nigeria nagratak na biyo' sa populasyon asin ta siya nag'awod sa mga taga-Europa asin Amerika na magpadarang tabang. Kan an gobyerno Nigeryano sinakop an rona' giraray kan 1970, siya nag'imbwelto sa mga partido politika alagad biyo' siyang nawaran-gana kan nahiling niya an korupsyon asin elitismo sa mga politiko. Siya nagdakit sa Estados Unidos asin nag'estar duman nin pirang taon kan mga 1970, asin nagpuli na kuta alagad kan 1990 nagbalik sa Amerika kan siya naaksidente sa auto na nagpabyadi sa hawak niya. Siya nagtener sa Amerika nin siyam na polong taon partikular sa Bard College bilang propesor sa mga lenggwahe asin literatura.
Pakagana niya kan 2007 Man Booker International Prize, poon 2009 sagkod kan saiyang pagkagadan, siya Professor of African Studies sa Brown University. An trabaho ni Achebe mahiwasan na pinag'uugid asin pinag'aadalan mala ta nagbutwa an mala-iskolar na mga trabaho dapit kan saiyang mga sinurat. Kadugangan kan saiyang mga nobela, an mga obra ni Achebe nagbibilang pa an dakul na mga halipot na osipon, rawitdawit, mga saysay asin mga librong pan-aki. An estilo niya sarig na gayo sa Igbo'ng tradisyon oral, asin pinagsaro an tanos na pag'uusipon na pigramasan nin mga istoryang-banwaan, mga ariwaga' asin platika. Sa mga tema kan saiyang sinurat kabali an kultura asin kolonyalismo, maskulinidad, asin pemenidad, politika asin historya. An saiyang pamana asin legasiya pig'oonra sa taonan na Chinua Achebe Literary Festival.
Mga Sinurat
baguhon- Achebe, Chinua (1958). Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann. New York: Astor-Honor, 1959.
- —— (1960). No Longer at Ease. London: Heinemann. New York: Obolensky, 1961.
- —— (1964). Arrow of God. London: Heinemann. New York: John Day, 1967.
- —— (1966). A Man of the People. London: Heinemann. New York: John Day, 1966.
- —— (1987). Anthills of the Savannah. London: Heinemann. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1987
- Achebe, Chinua (1951). "In a Village Church".[5]
- Achebe, Chinua (1952a). "The Old Order in Conflict with the New". University Herald. (Revised as Achebe 1962b and Achebe 1972b)
- Achebe, Chinua (1953). "Dead Men's Path". (Republished in Achebe 1962a[6])
- Achebe, Chinua (1960). "Chike's School Days". Rotarian 96 (4): 19–20.
- —— (1962a). The Sacrificial Egg and Other Stories. Onitsha: Etudo Ltd.
- —— (1962b). "Beginning of the End". The Sacrificial Egg and Other Stories. (A revision of Achebe 1952a; revised in Achebe 1972b)
- —— (1965). The Voter.
- Achebe, Chinua (1971). "Civil Peace". Okike 2.[7]
- Achebe, Chinua (1972). "Sugar Baby". Okike 3: 8–16.
- —— (1972a). Girls at War and Other Stories. London: Heinemann. Garden City: Doubleday, 1973.
- —— (1972b). "Marriage Is a Private Affair". Girls at War and Other Stories.[8] (A revision of Achebe 1962b and Achebe 1972b)[9]
- —— (1972c). "Vengeful Creditor". Girls at War and Other Stories.
- ——; Innes, C. L., eds. (1985). African Short Stories: Twenty Stories from Across the Continent. Portsmouth: Heinemann.[7]
- ——; Innes, C. L., eds. (1992). The Heineman Book of Contemporary African Short Stories. Portsmouth: Heinemann.[10]
- Achebe, Chinua (1951–1952). "There was a Young Man in Our Hall". University Herald 4 (3): 19.
- —— (1971). Beware Soul Brother and Other Poems. Enugu: Nwankwo-Ifejika. London: Heinemann, 1972.
- —— (1973). Christmas in Biafra and Other Poems. Garden City: Doubleday.
- Achebe, Chinua (1973). "Flying". Okike 4: 47–48.
- Achebe, Chinua (1974). "The Old Man and the Census". Okike 6: 41–42.
- ——; Okafor, Dubem, eds. (1978). Don't Let Him Die: An Anthology of Memorial Poems for Christopher Okigbo. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
- ——; Lyons, Robert (1998). Another Africa. New York: Anchor Books.
- —— (2004). Collected Poems. London: Penguin Books.
Mga Saysay, kritisismo asin mga artikulo[13]
- Achebe, Chinua (21 February 1951). "Philosophy". The Bug: 5.
- Achebe, Chinua (1951). "An Argument Against the Existence of Faculties". University Herald 4 (1): 12–13.
- Achebe, Chinua (1951–1952). "Editorial". University Herald 4 (3): 5.
- Achebe, Chinua (1952). "Editorial". University Herald 5 (1): 5.
- Achebe, Chinua (29 November 1952). "Mr. Okafor Versus Arts Students". The Bug: 3.
- Achebe, Chinua (29 November 1952). "Hiawatha". The Bug: 3.
- Achebe, Chinua (January 1958). "Eminent Nigerians of the 19th Century". Radio Times: p. 3.
- Achebe, Chinua (January 1959). "Listening in the East". Radio Times: p. 17.
- Achebe, Chinua (6 May 1961). "Two West African Library Journals". The Service: p. 15.
- Achebe, Chinua (23–29 July 1961). "Amos Tutuola". Radio Times: p. 2.
- Achebe, Chinua (7 July 1962). "Writers' Conference: A Milestone in Africa's Profress". Daily Times: p. 7.
- Achebe, Chinua (15 July 1962). "Conference of African Writers". Radio Times: p. 6.
- —— (1962). "Introduction" to King, Delphine (1962). Dreams of Twilight: A Book of Poems. Apapa: Nigerian National Press. p. 5.
- Achebe, Chinua (December 1962). "Review of Christopher Okigbo's Heavensgate". Spear: 41.
- Achebe, Chinua (January 1963). "Review of Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo's Twenty-Four Poems". Spear: 41.
- Achebe, Chinua (June 1963). "A Look at West African Writing". Spear: 26.
- Achebe, Chinua (1963). "Voice of Nigeria–How it Began". Voice of Nigeria 1 (1): 5–6.
- Achebe, Chinua (December 1963). "Are We Men of Two Worlds?". Spear: 13.
- Achebe, Chinua (1963). "On Janheinz Jahn and Ezekiel Mphahlele". Transition 8: 9. doi: .
- Achebe, Chinua (1964). "The Role of the Writer in a New Nation". Nigerian Libraries 1 (3): 113–119. Nigeria Magazine. 81: 157–160.
- —— (1964). "Foreword". In Whiteley, W. H. A Selection of African Prose. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. vii–x.
- Achebe, Chinua (1965). "English and the African Writer". Transition (Indiana University Press) (18): 27–30. doi: . ISSN 0041-1191.
- Achebe, Chinua (1966). "The Black Writer's Burden". Présence Africaine 31 (59): 135–140.
- Achebe, Chinua (1971). "Editorial". Nsukkascope 1: 1–4.
- Achebe, Chinua (1971). "Editorial". Nsukkascope 2: 1–5.
- Achebe, Chinua (1971). "Editorial". Nsukkascope 3: 4–5.
- —— (1962). "Introduction" to Awoonor, Kofi. This Earth, My Brother... Garden City: Doubleday. pp. vii–xii.
- —— (1962). "Introduction" to Kgositsile, Keorapetse (1975). Places and Bloodstains [Notes for Ipeleng]. Oakland: Achebe Publications. p. 7.
- Achebe, Chinua (1975). "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness". The Chancellor's Lecture Series (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Amherst): 31–43. also in Hopes and Impediments
- —— (1975). Morning Yet on Creation Day: Essays. London: Heinemann.[14]
- —— (1983). The Trouble With Nigeria. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.[14] London: Heinemann, 1984.
- —— (1988). Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays. London: Heinemann.[14]
- —— (2000). Home and Exile. New York: Oxford University Press.[14]
- —— (2009). The Education of a British-Protected Child. London: Penguin Classics.
- —— (2012). There Was A Country: A Personal History of Biafra. London: Penguin Classics.
- —— (2018). Africa's Tarnished Name. London: Penguin Classics.
- Achebe, Chinua (1966). Chike and the River. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ——; Iroaganachi, John (1972). How the Leopard Got His Claws. Enugu: Nwamife. New York: Third World Press, 1973.
- —— (1977). The Drum. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.[15]
- —— (1977). The Flute. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.[16]
Toltolan
baguhon- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chinua-Achebe. Kinua 2023-03-22
- ↑ https://www.bing.com/search?q=chinua+achebe&filters=ufn%3a%22Chinua+Achebe%22+sid%3a%22195a1074-e8d6-14c5-6007-Kinua 2023-03-22.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Evalds 1977, p. 83.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lindfors 1978, p. 103.
- ↑ Purcell 2020, p. 108.
- ↑ Booker 2003, p. 233.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Booker 2003, p. 11.
- ↑ Purcell 2013, p. 81.
- ↑ Booker 2003, p. 207.
- ↑ Booker 2003, p. 101.
- ↑ Evalds 1977, p. 84.
- ↑ Lindfors 1978, p. 104.
- ↑ Lindfors 1978, pp. 104–105.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Booker 2003, p. 289.
- ↑ Booker 2003, p. 74.
- ↑ Booker 2003, p. 86.